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|_Drosophila nervous system
|_central nervous system
|_brain
|_cerebral ganglia
|_protocerebrum
|_optic lobe
|_lamina
|_plexiform lamina
|_accessory lamina
|_lamina dorsal rim area
|_medulla
|_medulla proper
|_outer medulla
|_medulla layer 1
|_medulla layer 2
|_medulla layer 3
|_medulla layer 4
|_medulla layer 5
|_medulla layer 6
|_serpentine layer
|_inner medulla
|_medulla layer 8
|_medulla layer 9
|_medulla layer 10
|_medulla dorsal rim area
|_accessory medulla
|_lobula complex
|_lobula
|_lobula layer 1
|_lobula layer 2
|_lobula layer 3
|_lobula layer 4
|_lobula layer 5
|_lobula layer 6
|_lobula plate
|_lobula plate layer 1
|_lobula plate layer 2
|_lobula plate layer 3
|_lobula plate layer 4
|_mushroom body
|_calyx complex
|_calyx
|_medial calyx
|_lateral calyx
|_accessory calyx
|_pedunculus
|_pedunculus neck
|_pedunculus divide
|_spur
|_vertical lobe
|_vertical γ lobe
|_α’ lobe
|_α lobe
|_αp lobe
|_medial lobe
|_γ lobe
|_β' lobe
|_β lobe
|_βp lobe
|_trauben
|_central complex
|_central body
|_fan shaped body
|_ellipsoid body
|_protocerebral bridge
|_noduli
|_bulb
|_superior bulb
|_inferior bulb
|_anterior bulb
|_lateral accessory lobe
|_upper lateral accessory lobe
|_gall
|_lower lateral accessory lobe
|_ventrolateral neuropils
|_anterior optic tubercle
|_upper unit
|_lower unit
|_ventrolateral protocerebrum
|_posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum
|_anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum
|_wedge
|_posteriorlateral protocerebrum
|_upper protocerebrum
|_superior neuropils
|_lateral horn
|_superior lateral protocerebrum
|_superior intermediate protocerebrum
|_superior medial protocerebrum
|_inferior neuropils
|_clamp
|_superior clamp
|_inferior clamp
|_crepine
|_rubus
|_ventral complex
|_antler
|_superior posterior slope
|_inferior bridge
|_deutocerebrum
|_antennal lobe
|_antennal lobe hub
|_antennal lobe glomeruli
|_ventromedial neuropils
|_posterior slope
|_torque
|_tunica
|_delta
|_inferior posterior slope
|_periesophageal neuropils
|_antennal mechanosensory and motor center
|_saddle
|_flange
|_lappet
|_cantle
|_gnathal ganglia
|_mandibular neuropils
|_maxillary neuropils
|_labial neuropils
|_thoracico-abdominal ganglia
|_thoracic ganglia
|_T1
|_leg neuropil
|_neck neuropil
|_T2
|_flight neuropil
|_T3
|_haltere neuropil
|_leg neuropil
|_abdominal ganglia
|_A1
|_A2-A7
|_A8+
|_tritocerebrum
|_cerebrum
|_lateral complex
|_vest
|_epaulette
|_gorget
|_prow
|_dorsal pharyngeal sensory center
|_ventral pharyngeal sensory center
|_anterior maxillary sensory center
|_posterior maxillary sensory center
|_labellar sensory center
|_lamina proper
|_plexiform medulla
|_leg neuropil |
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| Name: | Drosophila nervous system
central nervous system
brain
cerebral ganglia
protocerebrum
optic lobe
lamina
plexiform lamina
accessory lamina
lamina dorsal rim area
medulla
medulla proper
outer medulla
medulla layer 1
medulla layer 2
medulla layer 3
medulla layer 4
medulla layer 5
medulla layer 6
serpentine layer
inner medulla
medulla layer 8
medulla layer 9
medulla layer 10
medulla dorsal rim area
accessory medulla
lobula complex
lobula
lobula layer 1
lobula layer 2
lobula layer 3
lobula layer 4
lobula layer 5
lobula layer 6
lobula plate
lobula plate layer 1
lobula plate layer 2
lobula plate layer 3
lobula plate layer 4
mushroom body
calyx complex
calyx
medial calyx
lateral calyx
accessory calyx
pedunculus
pedunculus neck
pedunculus divide
spur
vertical lobe
vertical γ lobe
α’ lobe
α lobe
αp lobe
medial lobe
γ lobe
β' lobe
β lobe
βp lobe
trauben
central complex
central body
fan shaped body
ellipsoid body
protocerebral bridge
noduli
bulb
superior bulb
inferior bulb
anterior bulb
lateral accessory lobe
upper lateral accessory lobe
gall
lower lateral accessory lobe
ventrolateral neuropils
anterior optic tubercle
upper unit
lower unit
ventrolateral protocerebrum
posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum
anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum
wedge
posteriorlateral protocerebrum
upper protocerebrum
superior neuropils
lateral horn
superior lateral protocerebrum
superior intermediate protocerebrum
superior medial protocerebrum
inferior neuropils
clamp
superior clamp
inferior clamp
crepine
rubus
ventral complex
antler
superior posterior slope
inferior bridge
deutocerebrum
antennal lobe
antennal lobe hub
antennal lobe glomeruli
ventromedial neuropils
posterior slope
torque
tunica
delta
inferior posterior slope
periesophageal neuropils
antennal mechanosensory and motor center
saddle
flange
lappet
cantle
gnathal ganglia
mandibular neuropils
maxillary neuropils
labial neuropils
thoracico-abdominal ganglia
thoracic ganglia
T1
leg neuropil
neck neuropil
T2
flight neuropil
T3
haltere neuropil
leg neuropil
abdominal ganglia
A1
A2-A7
A8+
tritocerebrum
cerebrum
lateral complex
vest
epaulette
gorget
prow
dorsal pharyngeal sensory center
ventral pharyngeal sensory center
anterior maxillary sensory center
posterior maxillary sensory center
labellar sensory center
lamina proper
plexiform medulla
leg neuropil  Find neurons innervating here |
| Abbreviation: |
CNS
CRG
PR
OL
LA
PLLA
ALA
LADRA
ME
MEP
MEO
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
SPL, M7
MEI
M8
M9
M10
MEDRA
AME
LOX
LO
LO1
LO2
LO3
LO4
LO5
LO6
LOP
LOP1
LOP2
LOP3
LOP4
MB
CAX
CA
MCA
LCA
ACA
PED
PEDN
PEDD
SPU
VL
VγL
α’L
αL
αpL
ML
γL
β'L
βL
βpL
TRA
CX
CB
FB
EB
PB
NO
BU
SBU
IBU
ABU
LAL
ULAL
LLAL
VLNP
AOTU
UU
LU
VLP
PVLP
AVLP
WED
PLP
UP
SNP
LH
SLP
SIP
SMP
INP
CL
SCL
ICL
CRE
RUB
VX
ATL
SPS
IB
DE
AL
ALH
GL or ALGL
VMNP
PS
TOR
TUN
DEL
IPS
PENP
AMMC
SAD
FLA
LAP
CAN
GNG
MAN
MAX
LAB
TR
LX
VES
EPA
GOR
PRW
DPS
VPhS
AMS
PMS
LBS
LAP
PLME
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| Alternative names: |
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| Description: | Drosophila nervous system can be subdivided into two classes; one is the central nervous system (CNS) and the other is the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The former includes the brain and the thoracico-abdominal ganglia, while the latter can be further categorized into sensory neurons of several modalities and motorneurons.
The central nervous system includes the brain and the thoraco-abdominal ganglia.
In Drosophila neuroanatomy system, the term ''brain'' can refer either of the following areas; (1) optic lobe + cerebrum + suboesophageal ganglion, (2) optic lobe + cerebrum, (3) cerebrum + suboesophageal ganglion. In the contexts of cases (1) and (2), the entire area including the optic lobe and the cerebrum is collectively called as the supraoesophageal ganglion (SPG), in contrasted with the suboesophageal ganglion. In this database, the strategy (1) is adopted for categorization.
This region refers to the combined area of the cerebrum and the optic lobe. Developmentally it consists of three neuromeres: the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. It lies above, around, and partially below the esophagus foramen of the brain, in contrast to the gnathal ganglia (GNG). (Note: the region has traditionally been called the supraesophageal ganglion. But because some of its region lies below the esophagus, we here emply a newly proposed term cerebral ganglia.)
A very large mass of neuropils lying on both sides of the brain. Regarded as the primary center of visual information processing. In the fly brain, it has four main distinct structures within it, including the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate. Lobula and lobula plate are derived from the same primodium (inner optic anlage), as with inner medulla.
The lateralmost neuropil in the optic lobe, lying just beneath the compound eyes. Medially adjacent to the medulla.
The second and (in many cases including flies) largest neuropil of the optic lobe. It is composed of the main part (medulla proper) and smaller accessory medulla. It lies between the lamina and the lobula complex, which includes the lobula and the lobula plate.
The area includes the plexiform medulla, which is composed of 10 distinct layers, and the dorsal rim area which is considered to be associated with processing of polarized light information.
The outer medulla consists of 6 layers; the most lateral (outer, distal) one is M1, while the most medial (inner, proximal) one is M6.
The serpentine layer is located between the 6th layer of the medulla in the outer medulla and the 8th layer of the medulla in the inner medulla. The SPL therefore is equivalent to the 7th layer of the medulla. It has only few synapses, and is the exit layer of the Cuccati's bundle.
The inner medulla consists of 3 layers; the most lateral (outer, distal) one is M8, while the most medial (inner, proximal) one is M10.
It is a relatively tiny triangular area that is adjacent to the medial surface of medulla. It is also close to the starting point of the posterior optic commissure (POC).
The medialmost area of the optic lobe. In flies, it consists of two neuropils (lobula and lobula plate). In other insect species, it can be single neuropil (e.g. honeybee) or more (e.g. locusts).
It is one of the prominent structures in the optic lobe lying anteriorly to the lobula plate and medially to the medulla. The entire neuropil consists of 6 distinct layers. It also houses many distal terminals of higher-order visual neurons projecting to the cerebrum, especially some parts of the VLNP including the AOTU, VLP and PLP.
It is one of the prominent structures in the optic lobe lying posteriorly to the lobula and medially to the medulla. The entire neuropil consists of 4 distinct layers. It also houses many distal terminals of higher-order visual neurons projecting to the cerebrum.
It is a prominent heterolateral neuropil with lobed structures in the protocerebrum. In many species including the fly, cap- or cup-like extensions (calyx complex) exist distally.
The area of bulbous or cup-like structures just below the cluster of Kenyon cell bodies. It comprises the calyx (sometimes called ''main calyx'') and the accessory calyx.
The main component of the calyx complex.
Occupies the medial area of the calyx. In flies, it is fused to the lateral calyx.
Occupies the lateral area of the calyx. In flies, it is fused to the medial calyx.
It is a small protruded area from the calyx to the superior neuropils.
A mass of Kenyon cell fibers (with synapses) connecting calyx and lobes.
A small protrusion lateral to the anterior end of the pedunculus, identifiable in some flies and dragonflies.
One of the bifurcated bundle of Kenyon cell fibers arising from the anterior end of the pedunculus, projecting vertically (dorsally in flies but anterodorsally in e.g., bees). It comprises two main lobes (α lobe and α’ lobe) and smaller components including αp lobe and vertical γ lobe.
It does not exist in flies.
''α’ division'' in some species
''α division'' in some species
One of the bifurcated bundle of Kenyon cell fibers arising from the anterior end of the pedunculus, projecting medially. It comprises three main lobes (β lobe, β' lobe and γ lobe) and minor components including trauben and βp lobe.
''γ division'' in some species
''β' division'' in some species
''β division'' in some species
It does not exist in flies, but only in Zygentoman insects.
A group of distinct neuropils lying on the midline at the center of the brain.
It is the core part of the central complex and composed of two structures; fan shaped body (upper division of central body) and ellipsoid body (lower division of central body). In some species, the two structures are fused and thus collectively called the ''central body''.
A component of the central body, located on the midline, and ventro-posteriorly to the ellipsoid body. It is a component with fan-like shape in flies, whereas rectangular/bar-like in some other species (e.g. in locusts).
A component of the central body, located on the midline, and dorso-anteriorly to the fan shaped body. It is a component with ellipsoid shape in flies, whereas inverted U or bar-like shape in some other species (e.g. in locusts).
Protocerebral bridges are paired curved bar-like structures protruded from the posterior synaptic neuropil surface, and lying posterior to the fan shaped body. Each structure comprises eight glomerular structures arranged in a line.
An assembly of spherical structures lying beneath the fan shaped body.
Neuropils on both sides of the ellipsoid body (between ellipsoid body and MB pedunculus), with many bulbous glomerular structures in it.
Triangular neuropil ventrolateral to ellipsoid body, behind antennal lobe. Previously referred as ''ventral body'' in flies.
It is a glomerulus-lile protrusion at the dorso-lateral surface of the lateral accessory lobe.
Neuropils along the ventrolateral side of the cerebrum or the central brain. Adjacent to the lobula complex in the optic lobe and houses many terminals of higher-order visual neurons projecting from the optic lobe.
Protruded neuropil in the anteriormost area of the dorsolateral area of the brain, slightly detached from VLP. It receives massive inputs from the optic lobe via the anterior optic tract.
in locust
Apparent in locust, but not clearly identified in the fly.
A large mass of neuropils in the anterior brain between the AL and OL.
A component of VLP in front of the great commissure. Unlike AVLP, the PVLP is glomerular. It is rather contiguous with PLP that lies behind it. PVLP and PLP house many optic glomeruli formed by the terminals of axon bundles arising from the optic lobe.
Aglomerular area of VLP protruded in the anterior brain. It also receives many inputs from the optic lobe as well as the PVLP and PLP, which are located posteriorly to the AVLP.
It is a component of the VLP and is an aglomerular area extending ventrally down to the level of GNG. It receives mechanosensory inputs from the AMMC located ventrally to the IVLP. (Note: the region has previously been called the "inferior ventrolateral protocerebrum", "caudal ventrolateralprotocerebrum", or "ventral protocerebrum (VPC)", but because it is not yet proven whether the region belongs to the protocerebral neuromere, we here employ a neuromere-free term wedge.)
A mass of neuropil in the posterior brain between the posterior slope and optic lobe. It is a glomerular neuropil as well as the PVLP located anteriorly to the PVLP.
A layer of neuropils covering the dorsal neuropil surface of the brain.
It is a protrusive neuropil in the posterior lateral brain. It houses terminals of various projection neurons from the AL. It lies laterally to the SLP and VLNP.
Lateral part of SNP. In its lateral side it is flanked by the medial surface of the lateral horn.
A relatively small area around and posterior to MB vertical lobe.
Medial part of SNP, which lies roughly above the area flanked by MB lobes, pedunculus, and calyx. (SMP and pedunculus are separated by SCL.)
Neuropils below SNP, around the level of MB medial lobe and pedunculus.
Area between FB/EB and MB pedunculus, including the area above and below the pedunculus. (It is slightly detached from the crepine, because the LX lies between them.)
Dorsal part of the clamp above the dorsal surface of MB pedunculus.
Ventral part of the clamp medial and ventromedial to MB pedunculus.
Rather thin area surrounding MB medial lobe.
A group of neuropils between LAL and great commissure (GC).
Thin elongated structure connecting inferior bridge and the superior neuropils.
Dorsal part of the PS, above the plane of IVLP commissure and posterior optic commissure.
The posteriormost area of the INP on the midline, behind FB and below the root of the PB.
Glomerular neuropil in the anteriormost brain below MB medial lobe, with many glomeruli that receive axons from olfactory sensory neurons.
Area just above or lateral to the oesophagus. It lies below CX and INP, behind LAL, and medial to VLNP.
A neuropilic region occupying relatively large area behind the VX and great commissure (GC).
Ventral part of the PS, above the plane of IVLP commissure and posterior optic commissure.
Area below or lateral to the oesophagus but above GNG.
Area of the terminals from the mechanosensory neurons in the antennae.
Prominent component of the PONP, covering the dorsal surface of GNG. It includes the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC).
A small triangular structure protruded from the anterior area of saddle, on both sides of the anteriormost oesophagus foramen.
the anterior part of the vest
A small triangular structure protruded from the posterior end of saddle, on both sides of the mid oesophagus foramen.
Fused neuropils in the ventralmost part of the brain. It consists of three neuromeres: the mandibular, maxillary, and labial neuromeres. It houses parts of the axon terminals via the pharyngeal and maxillary-labellar nerves as well as from the thoracico-abdominal ganglia. (Note: the region has traditionally been called the "subesopheageal ganglion (SEG/SOG)", but because a part of the cerebral ganglia (CRG) also extend below the esophagus, we here employ a newly proposed term gnathal ganglia (GNG).
Area that includes all areas of the brain other than the optic lobe and the GNG. The cerebrum is often subdivided into protocerebrum, deutocerebrum (deuterocerebrum) and tritocerebrum reflecting embryonic neuromeres. Since it is difficult to find exact borders between these areas in the adult brain, neuropils in the lower classification are not categorized into any of them.
Neuropils lying anterior lateral to central complex and closely associated with it.
The medial and most major part of VX, lying on both sides of the oesophagus and is situated above saddle.
A tiny lateral part of the VX lying below ICL. It is separated from vest by the inferior fiber system (IFS).
A thin small component of the VX, locating below CX and above great commissure (GC).
Anterior area below the opening of the oesophagus foramen. It lies above the anteriormost area of GNG and houses part of the peripheral axon terminals via the pharyngeal nerve (dorsal pharyngeal sensory center). It lies anteriorly to the remaining components of the periesophageal neuropils.
It is one of the two major projection sites of the pharyngeal nerve. The other projection site is the ventral pharyngeal sensory center in the GNG.
It is one of the two major projection sites of the pharyngeal nerve. The other projection site is the dorsal pharyngeal sensory center in the prow.
The area is composed of 10 distinct layers, which could be subdivided into three classes. They includes the lateralmost outer medulla (layers 1-6), the serpentine layer (layer 7) and the medialmost inner medulla (layers 8-10).
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